The Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Insulin Sensitivity and Weight Loss, Which Came First: The Chicken or the Egg?

The ketogenic diet (KD) is, nowadays, considered an interesting nutritional approach for weight loss and improvement in insulin resistance. Nevertheless, most of the studies available in the literature do not allow a clear distinction between its effects on insulin sensitivity per se, and the effects of weight loss induced by KDs on insulin sensitivity. In this review, we discuss the scientific evidence on the direct and weight loss mediated effects of KDs on glycemic status in humans, describing the KD's biochemical background and the underlying mechanisms.

Effects of COVID-19 on diaphragm thickness and physical performance of athletes / Efeitos da COVID-19 na espessura diafragmática e desempenho físico de atletas

Abstract Introduction Studies suggest that diaphragm thickness (DT) is associated with inspiratory muscle strength and consequently, better ventilatory and mechanical efficiency. On the other hand, infectious diseases such as COVID-19 may impact the structure and function of the respiratory system. Objective Assess the association between DT and the physical performance (PP) of athletes and the effects of COVID-19 infection on these parameters. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 63 athletes of both sexes from different sport modalities (women: 16.67 ± 5.03 years, 52.09 ± 14.01 kg, 155.90 ± 13.86 cm; men: 23.44 ± 9.65 years, 72.24 ± 14.18 kg, 174.84 ± 6.84 cm), submitted to DT assessment using ultrasound, followed by the PP(Yo-Yo) test) to determine maximum oxygen intake (VO2max). Pearson's correlation was used to determine the association between VO2max and DT, and the Student's t-test for differences between athletes with a positive and negative diagnosis for COVID-19. The significance level was set at 5%. Results There was no association between DT and PP (r = 0.30 and p = 0.22) or between athletes unaffected and affected by COVID-19 in relation to DT (57.00 ± 0.26 vs 52.00 ± 0.25%; p = 0.91) and PP (43.88 ± 2.29 vs 38.34 ± 13.61 ml/kg/min; p = 0.69). Conclusion DT was not associated with maximum oxygen intake in athletes. In addition, athletes infected by COVID-19 exhibited no differences in VO2max or DT when compared to nonaffected individuals.

Resumo Introdução Estudos sugerem que a espessura diafrag-mática (ED) está associada à força muscular inspiratória e, consequentemente, à melhor eficiência ventilatória e mecânica. Por outro lado, doenças infecciosas como a COVID-19 podem impactar a estrutura e função do apa-relho respiratório. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a ED e o desempenho físico (DF) de atletas e os efeitos da infecção por COVID-19 sobre esses parâmetros. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 63 atletas de diferentes modalidades esportivas, de ambos os sexos (feminino: 16,67 ± 5,03 anos, 52,09 ± 14,01 kg, 155,90 ± 13,86 cm; masculino 23,44 ± 9,65 anos, 72,24 ± 14,18 kg, 174,84 ± 6,84 cm), que foram submetidos à avaliação da ED por meio de ultrassom e, em seguida, ao teste de DF (Yo-Yo test) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson para verificar a associação entre VO2max e ED, e o teste t de Student para diferenças entre atletas com diagnóstico positivo e negativo para COVID-19. O nível de significância foi ajustado em 5%. Resultados Não houve associação entre ED e DF (r = 0,30 e p = 0,22) e não houve diferença entre os atletas não infectados e infectados por COVID-19 em relação à ED (57,00 ± 0,26 vs 52,00 ± 0,25%; p = 0,91) e DF (43,88 ± 2,29 vs 38,34 ± 13,61 ml/kg/min; p = 0,69). Conclusão A ED não foi associada ao consumo máximo de oxigênio em atletas. Além disso, atletas infectados por COVID-19 não exibiram diferenças no VO2max e ED em relação aos não infectados.

Physical Performance of Brazilian Military Policemen: A Longitudinal Analysis by Occupational Specialties.

Maintenance of good levels of physical fitness is essential during occupational tasks for the general health of the military police. However, no studies have evaluated longitudinal changes in the physical fitness of Brazilian military police officers according to their specialties. Thus, the objective of the current study was to analyze the changes in the physical fitness of military police officers according to their specialty, over a period of five years. Retrospective data (2015-2019) from 290 police officers were analyzed, including age and physical fitness tests (12-min run test, sit-ups, push-ups, and pull-ups on the bar). The sample was divided into four groups (Specialized; Border; Urban; and Environmental). ANCOVA was used to describe differences in physical fitness components between groups of police officers after adjusting for age. Initial fitness was higher among police officers in the Specialized group (i.e., those with greater physical demands). During the five-year follow-up period, there was an age-related decrease in physical capacity for all groups, regardless of specialty. However, Urban police showed improvement in running and sit-up tests (p < 0.05) over time. Changes in physical capacity during follow-up differed depending on the physical component analyzed and the occupational specialty.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Recommendations Report.

BACKGROUND: This article presents the recommendations from the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: A steering committee composed of a chair, 6 experts in physical activity, and representatives from the Ministry of Health/Brazil, Pan American Health Organization, Brazilian Society of Physical Activity and Health designed the guidelines, which was implemented by 8 working groups, as follows: (1) understanding physical activity, (2) children up to 5 years old, (3) children and youth from 6 to 17 years old, (4) adults, (5) older adults (60 years and above), (6) physical education at school, (7) pregnant and postpartum women, and (8) people with disabilities. The methodological steps included evidence syntheses, hearings with key stakeholders, and public consultation. RESULTS: Across 8 chapters, the guidelines provide definitions of physical activity and sedentary behavior, informing target groups on types of physical activity, dosage (frequency, intensity, and duration), benefits, and supporting network for physical activity adoption. The guidelines are openly available in Portuguese, Spanish, English, and Braille and in audio versions, with a supplementary guide for health professionals and decision makers, and a report about the preparation and references. CONCLUSIONS: The Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population provide evidence-based recommendations, being a public-directed resource to contribute to the physical activity promotion in Brazil.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Development and Methods.

BACKGROUND: This article describes the process and methods used in the development of the first ever Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: The steering committee established 8 working groups based on other guidelines and the Brazilian agenda for public health and physical activity (PA) promotion: (1) understanding PA; (2) children up to 5 years; (3) children and youth (6-17 y); (4) adults; (5) older adults (60 years and above); (6) physical education at school; (7) pregnant and postpartum women; and (8) people with disabilities. Working groups were formed to (1) synthesize the literature on each topic; (2) conduct workshops with stakeholders, health professionals, researchers, and the public; and (3) prepare a draft chapter for open online consultation. RESULTS: The document provides guidance for the population on the benefits of being active and recommendations regarding the amount (frequency, intensity, and duration) of PA recommended across all chapters. It also includes information on supporting networks for PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA guidelines are widely accessible in Portuguese, including versions in English, Spanish, audiobook, and Braille, and will assist policy makers and professionals from several sectors to promote PA. The ultimate goal is to increase population levels of PA in Brazil.

A scoping review of intermittent fasting, chronobiology, and metabolism.

Chronobiology plays a crucial role in modulating many physiologic systems in which there is nutritional synergism with meal timing. Given that intermittent fasting (IF) has grown as a flexible dietary method consisting of delayed or early eating windows, this scoping review addresses the effects of IF protocols on metabolism as they relate to clinical nutrition and the circadian system. Although nocturnal habits are associated with circadian misalignments and impaired cardiometabolic profile-and nutritional physiology is better orchestrated during the day-most findings are based on animal experiments or human studies with observational designs or acute meal tests. Well-controlled randomized clinical trials employing IF protocols of delayed or early eating windows have sometimes demonstrated clinical benefits, such as improved glycemic and lipid profiles, as well as weight loss. However, IF does not appear to be more effective than traditional diets at the group level, and its effects largely depend on energy restriction. Thus, efforts must be made to identify patient biological rhythms, preferences, routines, and medical conditions before individual dietary prescription in clinical practice.

Changes in Compliance With Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality.

BACKGROUND: The effects of compliance with the US Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines and changes in compliance over time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are unknown. METHODS: Male participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 15,411; 18-100 y) reported leisure-time PA between 1970 and 2002. The frequency of and time spent in PA were converted into metabolic equivalent minutes per week. The participants were classified into remained inactive, became active, became inactive, or remained active groups according to their achievement of the PA guidelines along the follow-up, equivalent here to at least 500 metabolic equivalent minutes of PA per week. Cox regression adjusted for different models was used for the analyses, using age, body mass index, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of CVD. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 439 CVD deaths occurred. Consistently meeting the PA guidelines, compared with not meeting, was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.67) decreased risk of CVD mortality. After controlling for all potential confounders, the risk reduction was 47% (95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining adherence to the PA guidelines produces substantial reductions in the risk of CVD deaths in men. Furthermore, discontinuing compliance with the guidelines may offset the beneficial effects on longevity.

A estratégia LET US Play aumenta a atividade física de crianças nas aulas de educação física escolar / The LET US Play strategy increases children`s physical activity in physical education classes

O estudo objetivou comparar duas estratégias (Tradicional x LET US Play) com o intuito de aumen-tar o número de passos (NP) durante as aulas de educação física escolar de crianças. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado cruzado (cross over), realizado em uma escola municipal de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Foram aplicadas 10 aulas à 25 crianças (11 meninos e 14 meninas) do 4º ano do Ensino Fun-damental. Dividida em dois momentos de 15 minutos (monitorados), com um espaço de 10 minutos entre eles para hidratação (não monitorados), a aula consistia na aplicação das atividades (estafeta, base quatro, futsal, queimada e empresta bandeira) usando a estratégia Tradicional ou LET US Play, de forma alternada e aleatória. Ao final de cada atividade, o NP foi medido por meio da pulseira inteligente Xiaomi Mi band 2. Utilizou ANOVA One Waypara analisar o NP entre as estratégias, estratificada por sexo, com grau de significância de 5%. Observou-se que, o NP dados pelas crianças na intervenção LET US Play foi superior ao Tradicional em todas as atividades (estafeta, base quatro, futsal, queimada, empresta bandeira), tanto em meninos quanto em meninas, independentemente da ordem de aplicação (p < 0,01). Conclui-se que o LET US Play aumentou o NP das crianças durante as aulas de educação física e pode ser uma estratégia interessante para maximizar a atividade física nesse público

This study aimed to compare two strategies (Traditional x LET US Play) focused on increasing the number of steps (NS) during physical education classes for children. This is a randomized crossover clinical trial, carried out in a municipal elementary school from Cuiabá-MT. Ten classes were given to 25 children (11 boys and 14 girls) from the 4th grade. Divided into two moments of 15 minutes each (monitored), with a 10 minutes break between for hydration (not monitored). The class sessions consisted of activities (relay races, base four, futsal, dodgeball and borrow flag) using Traditional or LET US Play strategies, selected randomly and alternately. At the end of each activity the NS was measured through the Xiaomi Mi band 2 smart bracelet. The NP between the strategies and interactions with sex were assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a statistical significance set at p < 0.05. It was observed that the NS given by the children in the LET US Play intervention was higher than the Traditional in all activities (relay races, kickball, indoor soccer, dodgeball, lend flag) in boys and girls regardless of the delivered order (p < 0,01). It was concluded that LET US Play increased children's NS during physical education classes and can be an interesting strategy to maximize physical activity among this population

Atividade física para idosos: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira / Physical activity for older adults: Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

Por iniciativa do Ministério da Saúde, em colaboração com pesquisadores nacionais, elaborou-se o primeiro Guia de Atividade Física (AF) para a População Brasileira, incluindo recomendações para as várias fases da vida e populações especiais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar o processo me-todológico e os resultados do capítulo de recomendações de AF para idosos. O Grupo de Trabalho Idosos (GT Idosos) contou com a participação de 11 pesquisadores/profissionais que realizaram reuniões virtuais semanais, revisão sistemática de revisões, que incluiu 50 artigos ao final, e escutas com profissionais de Educação Física (n = 143), gestores (n = 17) e com idosos (n = 22), de todas as regiões do país, por meio de entrevistas telefônicas e formulários eletrônicos. Baseado nos resultados da revisão e das escutas, elaborou-se uma primeira versão das recomendações de AF para idosos, que foi submetida à consulta pública. No total foram recebidas 46 sugestões válidas, das quais 34 foram aceitas e incorporadas ao texto final por possuírem relevância técnica e/ou social. Como resultados, o Guia destaca os principais benefícios da AF para idosos, como melhora dos aspectos físicos, mentais e sociais, e recomenda um mínimo de 150 minutos por semana de AF de intensidade moderada, ou 75 minutos de intensidade vigorosa, considerando as AF no tempo livre, no deslocamento, no trabalho/estudo ou nas tarefas domésticas. Acredita-se que o Guia auxiliará os idosos e profissionais de saúde a conhecerem os benefícios da AF, a quantidade recomendada e as diversas possibilidades de prática, por meio de mensagens e exemplos culturalmente apropriados

At the Ministry of Health initiative, in collaboration with national researchers, the first Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines for the Brazilian Population was prepared, including recommendations for the various stages of life and special populations. This study aims to present the methodological process of the chapter on PA recommendations for the elderly. The Elderly Work Group had 11 researchers/professionals who held weekly virtual meetings, made a systematic review of reviews, which included 50 articles, and promoted a listening among elderly (n = 22), managers (n = 17) and professionals (n = 143) from all country regions, through telephone interviews and online forms. Based on the review and the listening results, a first version of the PA Guidelines for the elderly was elaborated, which was submitted to public consultation. Forty-six valid suggestions were received for the Guide's writing, of which 34 were accepted and incorporated into the final text since they had technical and/or social relevance. As results, the Guidelines highlight the major benefits of PA for the elderly, such as enhancement of the physical, mental and social aspects, and recommends a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA per week, considering PA in leisure time, commuting and domestic activities, as well as in work/study time. It is believed that these Guidelines will help the elderly and health professionals to get to know the benefits of PA, the recommended amount, and the different possibilities of practice through culturally appropriate messages and examples. Politically, it will reinforce the central role of PA in the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases, boosting actions for its dissemination and implantation

Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.

Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Brazilian athletes.

AIM: Until recently most dietary survey methods have been developed for non-athletic populations. In this study, we aimed to develop a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the regular dietary intake of Brazilian athletes. METHODS: We interviewed 141 athletes (23.36 ± 7.77 years old) for their dietary intake using 24-hour recalls. After grouping conceptually similar food items into 113 food items, percentage contribution analysis and stepwise regression models were used to highlight foods contributing to at least 90% of the between-person variability of key nutrients. RESULTS: The developed FFQ contained 59 foods which were important predictors of the variance in nutrient intake. Vitamin C and pyridoxine had the lowest number of selected foods. Conversely, 13 food items were required to explain the between-person variation for energy, carbohydrate and magnesium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Using a multiple regression analysis we developed a 59-food item questionnaire, which includes culturally specific food items and may represent an important dietary tool to analyse athletic populations. Reproducibility and validity of this FFQ will be verified in future research.

Pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players.

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-documented importance of nutrition in optimizing performance and health, the dietary intake of soccer players has attracted little attention. AIM: We aimed to assess the pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players and its adequacy in macro and micronutrients. METHODS: The pre-season dietary intake of 19 male athletes was assessed using a semi-structured 3-day food record. To determine dietary adequacy and excess, energy and macronutrient intake were compared with the Brazilian dietary reference values for athletes, and micronutrients were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement - EAR (minimum recommendation) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level - UL (maximum recommendation). RESULTS: Mean daily energy intake (40.74±12.81 kcal/kg) was adequate. However, there was a low carbohydrate intake (5.44±1.86 g/kg/day) and a high amount of protein and fat (1.91±0.75 and 1.27±0.50 g/kg/day, respectively). Sodium intake (3141.77±939.76 mg/day) was higher than UL (2300 mg/day), while the majority of players showed daily intake of vitamin A (74%), vitamin D (100%), folate (58%), calcium and magnesium (68%) below the EAR (625, 10 and 320 µg/day, 800 and 330 mg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION: The dietary intake of professional soccer players was adequate in energy, but inadequate in macro and micronutrients, which suggests the need to improve nutritional practices to sustain the physical demands of soccer during pre-season.

Application of the Rosetta Stone to understand how much MVPA preschoolers accumulate: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This study illustrates the utility of the Rosetta Stone equations for comparing estimates of preschool-age children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across studies utilizing different cutpoints. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A search of online databases was conducted to identify studies that reported daily minutes of MVPA in preschoolers using the cutpoints from which Rosetta Stone equations have been developed. Mean MVPA minday-1 from each study and the transformed estimate using the Rosetta Stone equations were compared across 7 sets of cutpoints. The weighted mean was used to calculate absolute differences between the MVPA estimates of studies using the same cutpoints (e.g all studies that have used Pate cutpoint), and from all of the remaining studies using different cutpoints (e.g., all remaining studies that have not used Pate cutpoint), before and after the Rosetta Stone transformation. RESULTS: A total of 33 manuscripts met the eligibility criteria and reported MVPA for 12,178 preschoolers (50% girls). The mean MVPA for the total sample ranged from 21.1 (Puyau cutpoint) to 288.6 (Freedson cutpoints) minday-1. The difference between studies using the same cutpoint and estimates from remaining studies using different cutpoints was 82.4 and 80.0minday-1 for boys and girls, respectively. These differences were reduced to approximately 14minday-1 for boys and girls, after Rosetta Stone transformations. CONCLUSIONS: The Rosetta Stone equations substantially reduced the differences across studies that utilize different cutpoints and improved the ability to interpret findings across studies. Future equations should be developed for sedentary and total physical activity, as well as, comparisons across different devices and placements.

[Not Available]. / Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes.

BACKGROUND: Many factors can influence an athlete to consume dietary supplements, such as age, sex and sports, among others. Few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors are available for athletes, especially in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 182 athletes of both sexes. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports information, current consumption of supplements, consumption of pharmacological substances and information on body image disorder (Body Shape Questionnaire) and muscle dysmorphia (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). Analyses were performed using Pearson's Chi-squared test, the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: In the bivariate analysis, the male gender, age between 25-29 years, engaging in a remunerated activity, consumption of pharmacological substances, body image disorder, risk of muscle dysmorphia, power modality athletes and lack of medical care were factors associated with supplement intake. After the regression analysis, the consumption of supplements was associated with the male gender (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01; 2.78; p = 0.044), use of pharmacological substances (PR: 1.77; 95 %: 1.37; 2.27; p < 0.001) and the risk of muscle dysmorphia (PR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37; 2.23; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research clearly demonstrate the importance of professionals working closely with athletes to continuously monitor their use of supplements, since it was an alimentary behavior associated with other risk behavior (pharmacological use) as well as image disorders (muscle dysmorphia).

Comportamento sedentário em adolescentes atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família em Cuiabá, Brasil / Sedentary behaviour in adolescentes attended by the Family Health Strategy in Cuiaba, Brazil

Analisamos a associação entre fatores relacionados ao domínio pessoal, ao ambiente físico e ao ambiente social com o comportamento sedentário (CS), pautando-se em pressupostos socioecológicos. Inicialmente cada variável independente foi testada separadamente com o desfecho ­ análises bivariadas ­ através do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson calculando-se a Razão de Prevalência bruta (RPb) e Intervalos de Confiança (IC) de 95%. No processo das análises multivariáveis, utilizou-se a técnica de Regressão de Poisson múltipla e os pressupostos da utilização dos modelos hierarquizados. A análise final constituiu-se de 399 adolescentes (59% meninas e 62% ≥15 anos) atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família de Cuiabá-MT. A prevalência de comportamento sedentário foi de 55% para a amostra total. Os fatores: morar com o pai (RP= 1,08; IC95% 1,00;1,17), escolaridade materna < 8 anos (RP= 0,89; IC95% 0,83;0,96), consumo de álcool por familiares (RP=1,14; IC95% 1,06-1,23), não conhecer locais para prática de atividade física (AF) (RP=1,09; IC95% 1,01;1,17) e não conhecer programas de saúde para jovens (RP=1,10; IC95% 1,02;1,19) foram associados significativamente ao CS. Dos cinco fatores associados ao CS, um fator relacionou-se ao ambiente físico (conhecer locais para prática de AF) e quatro ao ambiente social (escolaridade materna, morar com o pai, consumo de álcool por familiares e conhecer programas de saúde para jovens). Os achados deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de intervenções para a redução do CS por parte da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, direcionadas não apenas ao contexto individual dos adolescentes, mas à família e ao ambiente físico dessa comunidade.

The association between factors related to the personal domain, physical environment and social environment with sedentary behavior (SB) were analyzed, based on the socio-ecological premise. Initially each independent variable was tested separately with the outcome - bivariate analyzes - using the Pearson chi-square test, calculating the gross prevalence ratio (PSb) and confidence intervals (CI) of 95%. In the process of multivariate analyzes, the multiple Poisson regression technique was used and assumptions for the use of hierarchical models. The analysis included 399 adolescents (59% girls and 62% ≥15y) attending the Family Health Strategy from Cuiabá-MT. Overall, the prevalence of sedentary behavior was 55%. The factors: living with father (PR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.00, 1.17), maternal education <8 years (PR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.83, 0.96), alcohol use by family members (PR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.23), lack of knowledge about locations of physical activity (PA) (PR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.01, 1.17) and lack of knowledge about health programs for young people (PR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.02, 1.19) were significantly associated with SB. Among the five factors associated with SB, one factor was related to the physical environment (lack of knowledge about locations of physical activity) and four factors were related to the social environment (maternal education, living with father, alcohol use by family members and knowledge of health programs for young people). The findings of this study suggest the need for interventions to reduce SB through Family Health Strategies, focused not only on the individual context of adolescents but also on the family members and the physical environment of the community.

Physical training at sub-threshold intensity reduces the prevalence of hepatic steatosis after high-fat diet in rats

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of swimming physical training with sub-threshold load on the prevalence of hepatic steatosis in Wistar rats fed high-fat diets (cafeteria or baru). After 2 months of cafeteria diet administration, the rats were separated into 6 groups: Sedentary or Trained Baru diet; Sedentary or Trained Cafeteria diet; Sedentary or Trained standard diet. The trained groups were subjected to swimming exercise at sub-threshold intensity (2% of body weight) during 8 weeks, 5x/week, 1h/day. The body weight and hepatohistological changes were analyzed. Sedentary groups fed high-fat diets presented higher body weight gain when compared to control trained group. The swimming training at the proposed intensity was able to prevent the hepatic steatosis in rats fed high-fat diets.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico de natação com carga sub-limiar sobre a prevalência de esteatose hepática em ratos Wistar alimentados com dietas hiperlipidícas (cafeteria ou baru). Após dois meses de dieta cafeteria, os ratos foram separados em 6 grupos: Baru treinado ou sedentário; Cafeteria treinado ou sedentário; Controle treinado ou sedentário. Os grupos treinados foram submetidos ao exercício de natação em intensidade sub-limiar, durante 8 semanas, 5x/semana, 1h/dia. As alterações de peso corporal e histopatológicas foram analisadas. Os grupos sedentários alimentados com dietas hiperlipídicas apresentaram maior ganho de peso corporal se comparados ao grupo controle treinado. O treinamento de natação na intensidade proposta diminuiu a prevalência de esteatose hepática induzida por dietas hiperlipídicas.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la natación de entrenamiento físico con la carga por debajo del umbral de la prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática en ratas alimentadas con dietas con hiperlipidemia (cafetería o baru). Después de dos meses de dieta de cafetería, las ratas se dividieron en 6 grupos: entrenados o sedentarios Baru, entrenados o Cafeteria sedentaria; Control entrenados o sedentario. Los grupos formados fueron sometidos a nadar ejercicio de intensidad por debajo del umbral durante 8 semanas, y 1 hora al día 5x/week. Se analizó el peso y la histopatología. Grupos sedentarios alimentados con una dieta alta en grasas aumentó más de peso en comparación con el grupo de control entrenado. El entrenamiento de natación disminuyó la prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática inducida por la dieta alta en grasas.

Perda hidrica e pratica de hidratacao em atletas de futebol / Water loss and hydration practices in soccer players / Perdida hidrica y practica de hidratacion en atletas de futbol

INTRODUÇÃO: Atletas de futebol sofrem grande estresse fisiológico durante os treinos. As características da atividade associadas às condições climáticas desfavoráveis podem provocar desidratação intensa resultando em redução de desempenho físico. OBJETIVO: Estimar o percentual de desidratação de atletas futebolistas durante sessões de treino na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados nas instalações do centro de treinamento da equipe. Participaram do estudo 17 atletas profissionais do sexo masculino (idade = 21,53 ± 1,19 anos; peso=71,99±7,66 kg; estatura=1,76±0,08m; IMC=23,31±1,69kg/m²). Foram analisadas as pesagens de pré e pós-treino em dois dias não consecutivos de treino (A e B) e pela perda de peso ocorrida, obteve-se a diferença de massa corporal (ΔMC); também se anotou toda a ingestão de líquidos. Os dados registrados foram aplicados às fórmulas específicas para análise. RESULTADOS: O ΔMC entre a medida inicial e a medida final do treino A foi de 1,08 ± 0,45 kg, já a do treino B foi de 0,85 ± 0,47kg, representando 1,5 ± 0,63% e 1,19 ± 0,59% de desidratação, respectivamente. O volume de líquido ingerido foi de 2.591 ± 440 ml no treino A e de 926 ± 356 ml no treino B. A prática do futebol reduziu a massa corporal dos atletas após o treino, indicando que houve desidratação. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da oferta constante de água aos jogadores, observamos que a reposição hídrica ad libitum não foi suficiente para manter o estado eu-hidratado de todos os atletas. .

INTRODUCTION: Football players are subjected to great physiological stress during training. The characteristics of the activity, associated with unfavorable climatic conditions, can lead to intense dehydration resulting in a reduction in physical performance. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of dehydration in professional soccer players during training sessions in Cuiabá-MT, Brasil. METHODS: Data were collected in the team's training facility. The study included 17 male professional athletes (age = 21.53 ± 1.19 years; weight = 71.99 ± 7.66kg; stature = 1.76 ± 0.08m, BMI = 23.31 ± 1.69kg/m²). The pre- and post-training weighing in two non-consecutive days training (A and B) were obtained, and through the weight loss verified, we obtained the difference in body mass (ΔBM) and also noted all fluid intake. The recorded data were applied to the specific formulas for analysis. RESULTS: The ΔBM between the initial and final measurements was 1.08 ± 0.45kg in the training A, and training B was 0.85 ± 0.47kg, representing dehydration of 1.5 ± 0.63% and 1.19 ± 0.59%, respectively. The volume of fluid intake was 2,591 ± 440mL in the training A, and 926 ± 356mL in training B. The soccer practice reduced the body mass of athletes after training, indicating that there was dehydration. CONCLUSION: Despite the constant supply of water to the players, we found that ad libitum fluid replacement was not sufficient to maintain the hydration status of all athletes. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Atletas del fútbol sufren mucho estrés fisiológico durante los entrenamientos. Las características de la actividad, sumadas a las condiciones climáticas desfavorables, pueden causar deshidratación intensa resultando en reducción del desempeño físico. OBJETIVO: Estimar el porcentaje de deshidratación de atletas futbolistas durante sesiones de entrenamiento en la ciudad de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso. MÉTODOS: Los datos fueron recolectados en las instalaciones del centro de entrenamiento del equipo. Participaron en el estudio 17 atletas profesionales de sexo masculino (edad = 21,53 ± 1,19 años; peso = 71,99 ± 7,66 kg; estatura = 1,76 ± 0,08m; IMC = 23,31 ± 1,69kg/m²). Se analizaron los pesos antes y después del entrenamiento, en dos días no consecutivos de entrenamiento (A y B) y según la pérdida de peso ocurrida, se obtuvo la diferencia de masa corporal (ΔMC); también se anotó toda la ingestión de líquidos. Los datos registrados fueron aplicados a las fórmulas específicas para análisis. RESULTADOS: La ΔMC entre la medida inicial y la final del entrenamiento A fue 1,08 ± 0,45 kg y la del entrenamiento B fue 0,85 ± 0,47kg, representando, respectivamente, 1,5 ± 0,63% y 1,19 ± 0,59% de deshidratación. El volumen de líquido ingerido fue 2,591 ± 440 ml en el entrenamiento A y 926 ± 356 ml en el entrenamiento B. La práctica del fútbol redujo la masa corporal de los atletas después del entrenamiento, indicando que hubo deshidratación. CONCLUSIÓN: Aun considerando el ofrecimiento constante de agua a los jugadores, observamos que la reposición hídrica ad libitum no fue suficiente para mantener el estado de hidratación propia de todos los atletas. .

Estimativa do equivalente metabólico (MET) de um protocolo de exercícios físicos baseada na calorimetria indireta / Estimation of metabolic equivalent (MET) of an exercise protocol based on indirect calorimetry

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o gasto energético (GE) em termos de gasto calórico e equivalente metabólico (MET) de duas sessões de um protocolo de exercício. MÉTODOS: Quinze indivíduos adultos (51,0 ± 5,5 anos) realizaram as sessões de exercício (80min), compostas por (aquecimento, caminhada e flexibilidade; Sessão A) e (aquecimento, caminhada e resistência muscular local; Sessão B). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi medida durante cada parte da sessão. Em laboratório, foram medidos, em dias diferentes, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), durante repouso e exercício (usando a FC média obtida nas aulas), por calorimetria indireta. O MET dos exercícios foi obtido dividindo VO2 em exercício (mL.kg-¹. min-¹) pelo VO2 em repouso (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). O GE dos exercícios foi calculado por: MET x Peso (kg) x Tempo (min)/60. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA com teste post hoc de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: Um MET para este grupo foi de 2,7 ± 0.1mL.kg ¹. min-¹. O valor médio de MET nos exercícios foi de 4,7 ± 0,8 (aquecimento), 5,8 ± 0,9 (caminhada) e 3,6 ± 0,7 (flexibilidade) na sessão A, e 4,6 ± 1,2 (aquecimento), 5,6 ± 1,0 (caminhada) e 4,8 ± 1,0 (resistência muscular localizada) na sessão B. O custo de energia foi similar entre as sessões (A: 398 ± 86,7 kcal e B: 404 ± 45 kcal; p > 0,05). Nenhuma atividade foi classificada como vigorosa (> 7 METs). Não houve diferença no VO2 entre caminhada (15,6 ± 2,8 ou 15,4 ± 2,6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) e resistência muscular localizada (13,2 ± 2,9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) embora ambos tenham sido superiores (p > 0,05) aos exercícios de flexibilidade (10,1 ± 2,2 mL.kg-¹. min-¹). CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo proposto atinge a atividade física necessária para adultos saudáveis, para melhorar e manter a saúde, por sua estrutura, intensidade moderada, duração, frequência e gasto calórico.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the energy expenditure (EE) in terms of caloric cost and metabolic equivalents (METs) of two sessions of an exercise protocol. METHODS: Fifteen subjects (51.0 ± 5.5 years) performed the exercise sessions (80min), composed of warm-up, walking and flexibility exercises (Session A) and warm-up, walking and local muscular endurance exercises (Session B). Heart hate (HR) was measured during each part of the sessions. In laboratory environment, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and oxygen uptake at rest and exercise conditions (using mean HR obtained in classes) were measured on different days, using indirect calorimetry. Exercise METs were obtained by dividing VO2 in exercise (mL.kg-¹.min-¹) by VO2 at rest (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). The EE of the exercises was calculated by the formula: MET x Weight (kg) x Time (min)/60. The results were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: One MET for this group was 2.7 ± 0.1mL.kg-¹.min-¹. The METs means in the exercises were 4.7 ± 0.8 (warm-up); 5.8 ± 0.9 (walking) and 3.6 ± 0.7 (flexibility) in session A, and 4.6 ± 1.2 (warm-up); 5.6 ± 1.0 (walking) and 4.8 ± 1.0 (local muscular endurance exercises) in Session B. The training sessions showed similar energy cost (A: 398 ± 86.72 kcal and B: 404 ± 38.85 kcal; p > 0.05). None of the activities were classified as having vigorous intensity (> 7 METs). There were no differences in VO2 between walking (15.6 ± 2.8 or 15.4 ± 2.6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) and local muscular endurance exercises (13.2 ± 2.9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹), although both were higher (p > 0.05) than flexibility exercises (10.1 ± 2.2 mL.kg-¹.min-¹). CONCLUSION: The proposed protocol achieves the physical activity needed by healthy adults to improve and maintain health, by their structure, moderate intensity, duration, frequency and caloric expenditure.

Efeito de 12 semanas de hidroginástica sobre a glicemia capilar em portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo II / Effect of 12 weeks of water aerobics on capillary glycemia among individuals with type II diabetes mellitus

O crescente aumento da obesidade tem levado cada vez mais pessoas a ter algum tipo de doença crônica não transmissível como o diabetes mellitus tipo II, cujo número de portadores vem aumentando nos últimos anos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a glicemia capilar em jejum após 12 semanas de aulas de hidroginástica em homens e mulheres com diabetes mellitus tipo II. O estudo contou com a participação de 29 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em um grupo masculino (n=10) e outro feminino (n=5) exercitados com hidroginástica, e, dois grupos controles, um masculino (n=5) e outro feminino (n=9). Foram avaliados a massa corporal (MC), o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a glicemia capilar em jejum (GJ) no início do estudo (M0), após seis (M1) e 12 semanas de acompanhamento (M2). As aulas tiveram duração de uma hora, três sessões semanais, durante 12 semanas. Houve redução na MC entre (M0: 78,0±8,6kg e M2: 75,5±8,5 kg; p=0,01) e GJ entre (M0: 199,8±87,5mg/dL; M1: 125,0±38,6 mg/dL e M2: 138,0±40,4mg/dL; p=0,003), ambos para o grupo masculino exercitado. Quanto ao grupo hidroginástica feminino, houve redução significativa apenas para a GJ entre (M0: 213,8±77,1mg/dL e M2: 134,0±38,2mg/dL; p=0,04). Não houve diferença estatística quando comparados os grupos entre si. Em conclusão, a prática regular de hidroginástica favorece o controle da massa corporal assim como da glicemia em jejum de diabéticos tipo II. No entanto, tais efeitos necessitam ser melhor investigados quanto à influência do gênero e à idade dos indivíduos, particularmente em mulheres no climatério.

The growing increase in obesity has led more and more people to some kind of cronic non-transmittable disease such as diabetes mellitus type II, whose number of patients has increased in recent years. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the fasting glycaemia after 12 weeks of hydrogymnastics classes in men and women with diabetes mellitus type II. The study counted on the participation of 29 individuals from both sexes, distributed in a male group (n=10) and in a female (n=5) exercised with water aerobics, and two control groups, a male (n=5) and a female (n=9). Body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI) and fasting glycaemia (FG) were assessed at the beginning of the study (M0), after six (M1) and 12 weeks of follow-up (M2). Classes lasted for an hour, three week sessions, for twelve weeks. There was a reduction on BM between (M0: 78.0±8.6 and M2: 75.5±8.5kg; p=0.01) and FG between (M0: 199.8±87.5; M1: 125.0±38.6 mg/dL and M2: 138.0±40.4 mg/dL; p=0.03), both for the male group exercised. About the female hydrogymnastics group, there was significative reduction only for the FG between (M0: 213.8±77.1mg/dL and M2: 134.0±38.2mg/dL; p=0.04). There was no statistical difference when the groups were compared among themselves. In conclusion, the regular practice of hydrogymnastics favors the body mass control just like the fasting glycaemia in diabetes type II porters, however, such effects need an in depth investigation, about the influence of gender and age of the individuals, particularly in women on climacteric.

A educação física no programa de educação pelo trabalho para a saúde de Cuiabá-MT / The physical education program in education by working for the health of Cuiaba-MT

O presente trabalho buscou descrever a atuação da Educação Física (EF) no Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para Saúde (PET-SAÚDE) em Cuiabá-MT, destacando as contribuições e o desafio dessa área de conhecimento no âmbito da atenção primária. Até o momento a EF desenvolveu diagnóstico das condições de saúde e atividade física da comunidade, educação em saúde, intervenção por meio de grupos de exercícios físicos, além da pesquisa e disseminação do conhecimento científico, contribuindo com a articulação ensino-serviço-comunidade e a aproximação da pesquisa, com o ensino e extensão. As ações foram pautadas nos princípios da interdisciplinaridade. A EF, inserida na equipe de saúde da família por meio do PET-SAÚDE, pode contribuir para ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças, intervindo positivamente na saúde da população. O PET-SAÚDE tem se mostrado importante na formação de profissionais de EF que atendam o perfil para o trabalho na estratégia de saúde da família.

The current work searched for describing the physical education acting (EF) in the Education Program for the Work to the Health in Cuiabá-MT (PET-SAÚDE), detaching the contribuition and challenges of this knowledge area in the range of primary attention. Until now the EF developed diagnostic of the health condition and community physical activity, education in health, intercession through physical exercises groups, furthermore research and dissemination of the scientific knowledge, contributing with the articulation service-education-community and the approach of searching with the education and extension. The actions were guided by the principles of interdisciplinarity. The PE included in the family health team via PET-SAÚDE, can contribuite for the actions of family´s health promotion and prevention of diseases by intervening positively in the population?s health. PET-SAÚDE has shown it important in the formation of professionals from the PE that attend the profile for the work in the strategy of family´s health.